Overview of All the Kings of Pergamon

This page presents a chronological list of the Attalid rulers of Pergamon, up to the kingdom’s bequest to Rome. Reign dates are matched with short notes on, for example, defensive policies against the Galatians, patronage of scholarship and architecture on the acropolis, diplomatic balancing with the Seleucids and Macedon, and territorial growth in Asia Minor.

Title	Date	Excerpt
Philetaerus and Pergamon: Founding the Attalid Dynasty in Hellenistic Anatolia	282–263 BC	Philetaerus established Pergamon as a fortified and prosperous center in northwest Anatolia during the Hellenistic period, using wealth and diplomacy to secure autonomy and lay the foundations for the Attalid dynasty's future expansion.
Eumenes I of Pergamon: Architect of an Independent Hellenistic State	263–241 BC	Eumenes I ruled Pergamon from 263 to 241 BC, transforming it from a semi-autonomous territory under Seleucid control into an independent principality through military victories, territorial expansion, and cultural patronage.
Attalus I Soter and Pergamon: Shaping a Hellenistic Kingdom	241–197 BC	Attalus I Soter ruled Pergamon from 241 to 197 BC, transforming it into a cultural and political center in Asia Minor through military victories, diplomatic alliances, and artistic patronage.
Eumenes II of Pergamon: Architect of a Hellenistic Kingdom	197–159 BC	Eumenes II ruled Pergamon from 197 to 158 BC, expanding its territory through diplomacy and alliance with Rome, and fostering cultural and civic achievements that established Pergamon as a center of learning and art in the eastern Mediterranean.
Attalus II Philadelphus: Hellenistic King of Pergamon and Roman Ally	160–138 BC	Attalus II Philadelphus played a crucial role in shaping Pergamon's political and cultural landscape during the second century BC through military leadership, diplomatic ties with Rome, and civic patronage.
Attalus III of Pergamon: The Last Attalid King and His Role in Roman Asia Minor	138–133 BC	Attalus III ruled Pergamon in the late Hellenistic period and is known for bequeathing his kingdom to Rome, a decision that reshaped the political landscape of western Asia Minor and facilitated Roman provincial expansion.
Eumenes III: The Last Attalid Claimant and His Revolt Against Rome	133–129 BC	Eumenes III, also known as Aristonicus, led a notable uprising against Roman control of the Attalid kingdom of Pergamon between 133 and 129 BC, challenging the transfer of power and influencing the political landscape of western Anatolia during the late Hellenistic period.