Roman Interior Decoration: Styles and Techniques

Explore the diverse elements of Roman home decor

Roman interior decoration encompassed a variety of styles and techniques that reflected the social status and wealth of the inhabitants. The primary types of decoration included wall paintings, mosaics, furniture, and ornamental objects. Each of these elements contributed to the overall aesthetic of Roman homes, ranging from modest dwellings to luxurious villas. The decoration was influenced by earlier Greek styles and adapted to local tastes and materials. This article outlines the key aspects of Roman interior decoration, focusing on how these elements were created and their visual characteristics.

Wall Paintings

Wall paintings often depicted elaborate scenes, including landscapes, mythological figures, and architectural elements. The technique involved applying pigments to wet plaster, a method known as fresco. This allowed the colors to bond with the plaster as it dried, creating a durable surface. The colors used were derived from natural minerals and plants, resulting in a palette that included reds, yellows, and blues. In Pompeii, many well-preserved examples of these wall paintings showcase the artistic styles of the time, often featuring intricate details and depth.

Mosaics

Mosaics were another prominent form of decoration in Roman interiors. These artworks were created by assembling small pieces of colored stone, glass, or ceramic, known as tesserae, to form patterns or images. Mosaics were commonly used on floors and walls, providing a durable and visually beautiful surface. The subjects of mosaics varied, from geometric designs to scenes depicting daily life or mythology. The craftsmanship involved in creating mosaics required skill, as artisans had to carefully select and place each tessera to achieve the desired effect. The use of mosaics was particularly popular in public buildings and wealthy private homes.

Furniture

Roman furniture was typically made from wood, metal, or stone, with designs influenced by earlier Greek models. Common pieces included couches, tables, and chests. Couches, known as lectus, served multiple purposes, functioning as both seating and sleeping areas. They were often elaborately decorated with inlays and cushions.

Tables varied in size and shape, with some made from expensive materials like marble or exotic woods. The design of Roman furniture emphasized both functionality and aesthetic appeal, with many pieces featuring carvings and embellishments that reflected the owner’s wealth.

Ornamental Objects

Ornamental objects included items such as lamps, mirrors, and decorative vases. Roman lamps, typically made from terracotta or metal, were designed to hold oil and provide light. Mirrors were often crafted from polished bronze or silver, as glass mirrors were rare.

Decorative vases were used to display flowers or as standalone art pieces. The materials and craftsmanship of these objects varied, with wealthier households often possessing items made from precious metals or adorned with detailed designs.

Textiles and Drapery

Textiles were also an important aspect of Roman interior decoration. Fabrics such as wool, linen, and silk were used for curtains, cushions, and bed coverings. The quality and color of the textiles indicated the social status of the household. Richly dyed fabrics were favored by the elite, while simpler materials were used in more modest homes.

Tapestries and wall hangings were common, adding warmth and color to the interiors. The use of textiles complemented other decorative elements, creating a cohesive and inviting environment within Roman homes.