Darius of Pontus: A Brief Client King in Anatolia

Introduction

Darius of Pontus, of mixed Iranian and Greek Macedonian descent, was a member of the Mithridatic house and son of Pharnaces II; he is recorded as reigning in 37–37/36 BC. Ancient sources identify him as the elder brother of Dynamis and Arsaces and as a grandson of Mithridates VI. His elevation to kingship is attested only as a political appointment by Mark Antony, who in 37 BC installed a number of client rulers in Anatolia to rule on condition of tribute as he prepared for war with Parthia.

No administrative measures or independent policies of Darius are preserved; virtually all surviving information about him concerns the brevity of his rule and the violent contention for Pontic authority that followed. Strabo and Cassius Dio report that conflict involving his brother Arsaces, and the intervention of Polemon (with Lycomedes of Comana), ended with Arsaces’ defeat, capture, and execution. Ancient narratives do not make clear whether Arsaces sought to succeed Darius after the latter’s death or whether Arsaces was attempting an independent usurpation; sources confirm only that Polemon came to be recognised as king of the Pontic territory by 36 BC. Darius’ reign thus lasted less than a year and his death or removal is not directly described. His historical footprint is minimal, surviving solely in brief notices by Appian, Strabo, and Cassius Dio.